Here is a mind map summarizing the information from the provided sources:
Knowledge Domains from Sources
I. Psychology & The Mind
A. Sensory Memory
Initial, momentary recording of information in sensory systems.
Iconic Memory: Brief visual persistence of information.
Echoic Memory: Brief mental echo after information has been heard.
Demonstrated by American psychologist George Sperling's 1960 experiment.
Subjects shown 12 letters for 1/20 second.
Most recalled only 4-5 letters accurately, but knew they saw more.
Sperling's hypothesis: entire image registered briefly but faded quickly.
Second experiment used tones to cue specific rows, showing subjects could recall letters from any row, proving all were momentarily available in sensory memory.
B. The Unconscious
Hypothetical region of the mind containing wishes, memories, fears, feelings, and ideas prevented from conscious awareness.
Manifests through influence on conscious processes, dreams, and neurotic symptoms.
Foreconscious/Preconscious: Thoughts that can be made conscious by focusing attention.
Sigmund Freud's Concept (1895-1900)
Consists of survivals of infantile feelings, including instinctual drives (libido) and modifications by the superego.
Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology
Early pupil of Freud, created analytical psychology.
Libido: To Jung, it meant a composite of all creative instincts and impulses, the entire motivating force of human conduct (not only sexual drives).
Two Parts of the Unconscious:
Personal Unconscious: Contains results of the individual's entire experience.
Collective Unconscious: Reservoir of the experience of the human race.
Contains archetypes: primordial images common to all individuals of a given country or historical era.
Archetypes are primitive modes of thought, personifying natural processes (e.g., good/evil spirits, fairies, dragons, mother/father figures).
Normally exist only in the collective unconscious; function when conscious mind contains no images (e.g., sleep) or is caught off guard.
C. Psychological Assessment & Brain Study Techniques
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Developed 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach.
Believed people reveal personality traits and unconscious thoughts by interpreting inkblot designs.
Involves showing 10 inkblot cards, asking subjects to describe what they see, and questioning responses.
Phrenology
Popular late 18th/early 19th centuries, eventually discredited as unscientific.
Believed psychological traits could be linked to brain areas by measuring skull bumps and indentations.
Scientists later proved the general idea that mental activities link to specific brain areas.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Recording of the action potential, or electrical activity, of the cerebral cortex of the brain.
Made by attaching electrodes to the scalp, then collecting, amplifying, and recording brain's electrical impulses.
D. Mental Disorders
Chart illustrates percentage of US people experiencing mental illness.
Figures from National Comorbidity Survey, interviewing over 8000 people aged 15-54.
Homeless, imprisoned, or institutionalized individuals were excluded from the survey.
II. Computer Systems & Digital Logic
A. Processing Architecture
Typical Computer System Components:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input Devices (e.g., keyboard)
Storage Devices (e.g., external floppy disc drives, internal memory boards)
Output Devices (e.g., monitors)
CPU Components:
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU): Carries out arithmetical and logical operations.
Registers: Store data and keep track of operations.
Control Section (Control Unit): Regulates and controls various operations.
Internal Bus: Connects CPU units to each other and external components.
Five-Step Instruction Execution Process:
B. Digital Logic & Circuits
Digital Logic: Rational process for making simple "true" or "false" decisions (represented by 1 or 0, or two different voltages).
Boolean Algebra: Algebra used to solve problems and process information in digital systems; deals with logic rather than numeric values; "True" = 1, "False" = 0.
Logic Circuits / Gates: Heart of computer chips, designed to make a series of decisions.
Perform logic functions through gates.
Basic Boolean operations: logical multiplication (AND gate), logical addition (OR gate), logical inversion (NOT gate).
Combinations: NOR gate (yields 0 if one or more input is 1).
Input/output values are always true/false, relayed as voltages.
Truth Tables: Map all potential input combinations against yielded outputs.
Families of Digital Logic Devices (usually integrated circuits):
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL).
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic (CMOS) (low power, slightly lower speeds).
Obsolete: Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL).
Very-high-speed: Emitter Coupled Logic (ELC).
Other Circuits:
Oscillator Circuit.
Vacuum Tube Amplifier (e.g., triode, cathode, anode, grid).
C. Operation Performance (Supercomputers)
Deep Blue (IBM Supercomputer):
Played chess against Garry Kasparov in 1997.
Uses scalable massively parallel processing technology to solve complex problems.
Equipped with 256 processors working together.
Can calculate between 50 and 100 billion chess moves in under three minutes.
Real-World Applications of such powerful computers:
Weather forecasting.
Drug and genetics research.
Designing toxic waste clean-up plans.
Powering web servers on the Internet.
III. Geography & Navigation
A. Geographic Grids
Intersecting lines on maps and globes used to locate and describe areas.
Lines of Latitude: Horizontal lines, running east to west.
Equator: Imaginary line from which latitude is measured (0° latitude), equidistant from poles, divides globe into hemispheres.
Become progressively shorter near the poles.
Lines of Longitude: Vertical lines, running north to south, intersecting both poles; all are the same length.
Prime Meridian: Arbitrarily selected line from which longitude is measured (0° longitude).
Any globe location described by angular distance from equator and prime meridian.
B. Mapping & Projections
Map Scale: Defines relationship between map distance and Earth distance.
Symbols & Legends: System of symbols employed for easily read information.
Legend is an explanatory list defining symbols.
Key on topographic maps indicates distance scales and special symbols (e.g., railroads, schools, airstrips, water towers).
Types of Maps:
Relief Map: Three-dimensional models of terrain; color and scale indicate geographical features (not just political boundaries). Used in engineering and military.
Topographic Map: Depict geology and special features. Used by backpackers to navigate, aligning map/compass to prominent features. Green indicates forest/vegetation; white indicates bare growth. Brown lines show mountains/hills, elevation, steepness (close lines = steep terrain).
Radar Map: Shows topography (e.g., Venus surface); red/yellow for high elevations, blue for lower basins; measures time radio waves bounce back.
Map Projections: Ways of transferring information from a round globe to a flat map.
Azimuthal Projection: Resembles projection onto paper touching globe at one point. Useful for polar regions (poles near center, longitudinal lines meeting at poles). Polar regions relatively distortion-free; distortion increases towards equatorial areas.
Cylindrical Projection: Resembles projection onto paper cylinder wrapped around globe. Continents near middle are relatively distortion-free; regions near poles stretched out of proportion.
Robinson Projection (Orthophanic Projection): Elliptical shape, shows entire world in single plane; poles depicted as lines. Designed to minimize distortion, particularly near the poles.
Conic Projection: Resembles projection onto paper cone over globe. Relatively distortion-free in middle latitude regions; useful for countries in those regions (e.g., some European countries).
C. Geodesy
Science of measuring Earth's shape [22, 24, 25 - implicit].
Begins with measuring control points (starting coordinates).
Markers usually brass disks in concrete or steel rods in bedrock.
Create a control network.
Compute a datum: Consistent set of latitudes, longitudes, and heights defining a control network.
Geometric Geodesy: Uses a simple Earth model (flattened sphere/ellipsoid) to compute coordinates and determine angles/distances.
Historical Methods:
Angle measurements through telescopes attached to steel circles.
Formed interlocking networks of triangles (16 km/10 mi or more on a side).
Required building towers to get lines of sight.
Single projects took months; US survey took hundreds of projects.
Resulting measurements were not very accurate (errors over 3 m/10 ft across US).
Modern Methods:
After satellites launched in 1960s, used measurements of radio/electromagnetic signals from satellites for global reference system.
Global Positioning System (GPS):
Network of 24 satellites in orbit.
Provides position and movement information by comparing signal travel time from 3-4 satellites.
Establishes coordinates accurate to within a few centimeters.
Transcontinental distances measured in hours, accurate to 1 cm (0.5 in).
Other specializations: ensuring map projection accuracy, analyzing/adjusting measured data for uncertainties, preparing standards for surveying data.
D. Navigation
Early Seafaring:
About 3500 BC, seafarers rarely left sight of land.
Used landmarks (hills, tall trees, submerged rocks) identified by colorful names.
Coastal Piloting: Navigating within sight of land.
Determine position using compass bearings (angular measurements of line of sight to landmarks/aids).
Plot compass bearing as a line of position on a chart.
Estimated Position: Where one line of position intersects dead reckoning track (more reliable than dead reckoning alone).
Fix: Most reliable position, obtained by taking two or more compass bearings and plotting intersecting lines of position.
Inertial Navigation: Uses sophisticated electronic instruments and dead reckoning principles to track changing position and maintain course.
Automatically identifies forces causing steering/speed errors and makes adjustments.
Automatically measures, calculates, and records craft's speed, direction, and accelerations.
Three Components:
Gyroscope: Responds to forces that might throw craft off course; oriented to true north, acts as compass unaffected by magnetic field/iron. Consists of spinning wheel balanced in gimbals.
Accelerometer: Interprets gyroscope's responses.
Computer: Calculates craft's position and makes steering adjustments; also provides info to human navigator and acts as auto-pilot.
Highly accurate, enables landing aircraft in poor visibility.
E. Weather & Earth Systems
Weather Forecasting: A real-world application of supercomputers.
Weather Map: Compiles data from sources like radar and satellite images.
Prevailing Winds: Include doldrums, northeast/southeast trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies; named by direction they blow from.
World Precipitation and Average Rainfall: Bands of high precipitation near equator, low precipitation in polar regions and around 30° latitude.
Tropical Weather Cell (Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ): Dynamic weather area near equator where warm rising air creates low pressure and rain clouds; sinking cool air at 30° creates high pressure.
Divisions of the Atmosphere: Layers based on air temperature at altitude: troposphere, mesosphere (colder with altitude); stratosphere, thermosphere (warmer with altitude - temperature inversion).
Rainbow: Forms when raindrops separate white sunlight into a spectrum; light is bent (refracted) and reflected; red bends least, violet most; primary rainbows have red on outside arc.
Ocean Currents: Major surface currents caused by prevailing winds.
Can be cold (e.g., West Wind Drift) or warm (e.g., Gulf Stream).
Circulate in paths called gyres (clockwise in northern hemisphere, counterclockwise in southern).
Antarctic Gyre: Clockwise flow around South Pole, links Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean counterclockwise currents.
Hours of Daylight by Latitude: Table shows varying day length between sunrise and sunset based on latitude and month for northern and southern hemispheres.
IV. Library Science & Knowledge Classification
A. Dewey Decimal Classification
Devised by Melvil Dewey.
Divides all knowledge into ten main classes (000-099 to 900-999).
Examples: 100-199 Philosophy and psychology; 500-599 Natural sciences and mathematics; 800-899 Literature and rhetoric.
Each main class divided into ten subclasses (e.g., 810 American literature, 820 English literature).
Further specific breakdowns (geographic, chronological, form) designated by numbers after a decimal point (e.g., 813.46 for Henry James).
Originally a 42-page booklet (1876); 19 revisions, latest in 1979 in three volumes.
Used in libraries worldwide.
B. Library of Congress Classification (LC)
Devised by staff of the Library of Congress.
Divides all knowledge into 21 large classes, indicated by capital letters (e.g., A General works, B Philosophy; psychology; religion, N Fine arts, Q Science).
Does not use letters I, O, W, X, and Y.
Material arranged from general to specific, theory to practical.
Specific topics indicated by combinations of capital letters and 3-digit numbers (e.g., NA architecture, ND painting; ND 813 for Spanish painting, ND 813 G7 for Goya).
Continually revised.
More practicable for larger and more specialized collections than Dewey Decimal.
Suited for research collections, special libraries, and larger libraries.
C. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
Method of classifying knowledge for subject content, valuable for retrieving information from computerized databases.
Can express multiple concepts by combining notation.
Can represent multiple subjects of a document and their complex relationships.
Issued by the International Federation for Documentation in The Hague, Netherlands, responsible for ongoing revision.
Different from Dewey and LC in its primary aim to retrieve subject content, though its number can also serve for shelf location.
V. Linguistics
Field that both borrows from and lends its theories and methods to other disciplines.
Many subfields have expanded understanding of languages.
Overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields.